1
2
  -2023
.. 
 ()
: 3     : 50
:             
-
1.                10
2.       : , , 

-
3.           
4.               
 
-
5.        
6.         
2
2
 -
7.          
8.      : , , 
3
2
  -2023
.. 
 ()
: 3     : 50
:             
-
1.                10
:           
-
        ,      ,   
          ,    
            ' -   
   ,      ,    ,     
 
  (1500   - 500  )          
           
         '
  ,   ,           
     ,           
    
         
  ,    , 
              ,
    
         
1.     
     :
1. -    ,          
4
2
2.  -             
3.  -    '    
4.  - ,        
 ,           "  "    

                   
     ,        
 
     ( )            
         (, , , , , , )    
2.     
  ,          '     ()  
 ,            ,    
    ,  
         
       -   (    )
  :
-  , --  
 -           
 -             -
     
                 
     
3.      
             ( ) 
               :
 
-      ,          
          
 
-          
-         
-     ,        
5
2
  
-    ,            
 ()-             
                 -
   
4.       
      
;          
                (
 )      
     -      ' -   
                
  
 ,               
  
5.     
    
         ,     
   -    
         
,         
 ,        ( )       
 (, , , , , , )       ()    , 
       
    '       |
        
   ,    - 
  
 
1.    ( )   ( )   
      
2.  - ,            
    
3.  -             
4. -     ,        
 ,      
6
2
 ,            ,    
    
 

        , 
        
    
      
,   ,
                 , 
         
2.       : , , 

: 1.  () -     
  ?
                   
  (   )              
;    ,     
             ,     
          
 -       
 
                  
,                
     
 
      :
1.    ():     (, , , , , , )    
    
2.    (   ):     ()   

 ()         
3. Vadi & Samvadi ( ):      ()     ()
 
4.   :            ,   

 
7
2
5.  ():           ,   ,  
     
  
1.   -           
2.  - -   ,        
3.   -  ,      
2.  -   -
  ?
            
      , 
    ,   -         
 
      ,            
               -   
  
  
        ,   , , , , ,      
 ( )              ' 

     
1. -    ( ),   
2.       ( ) ,    
  
3. -    ( )    ,     
 
4.  -     (    )    ,    
   
5. -    ( , , , )  ,      


6.          ,     

7.     , , ,    ( ) ,      

 
8
2
8. -             ,    
   
9. -   
      ,      
  
10. -       ,        
         ,      
 ,  
      
3. -    

 ?

                 
    '             
     ,           

   
    -    , 
   

          
      
    

 
1.     :
     
 
2.     
 :         
  '   
3.        :    (   
 )     
   
  
 
 
       ' 
 ,     
  

            ,    
  
    '  ,  ,         
      
  
1.   :        
9
2
2.   :          

3. :      '         

  
,   
    ,       :
       ,    
             

        ,     
 
               
    ,              
 
   ,   -    ,     
,      
       
-
3.           
:      
   ,            
     ,            
       ' -  ( )       
      '  ,             
         
             
1.        ?
              ,    
    
     ,         
                
          ,      
     
10
2
         ,    24     -
       ,         , 
       
2.       
24          :
1.    ( ) 12  ( 6    6  )
2.   ( )) 12  ( 6    6  )
     -   ()        ,
    (   )         
     :
  ()
  
  
 ( 6  - 10 )
   
 (    )
 ,   ,
 
 
( 10  -  2 )
   

 ,  
 ( 2  -  6 )
 
 
 ,  
 ( 6  -  10 )
   
 ,  
 
( 10  -  2 )
-  

 ,
  
   ( 2  -  6
)
   
 
 ,  
3.      
  ?
               -  ' -  
            
   ( 6  - 10 ):       ,    
               
              : 
11
2
       ,         
  
   ( 2  -  6 ):        

        ,        
        :      
             
   ( 6  -  10 ):       ,   
              
          
   ( 10  -  2 ):    -  , 
, -              
    :        ,   
        
     ( 2  -  6 ):     
:                
     
 
4.        
    '  ,   
      
  -  '           
       ,     '     
              
          
 
               
   (   )      ,     
           ,         '
-   
5.    
              ,  ,
        
     
:
   ,      ,      
 
      ,       
12
2
               
,            '      
    
              
  '   
6. 
                
             '    ,  
 '      
           ,    
            ,    
           
          ,        
     
4.               
 
:        
-
                ,
       ,       
 ,               
              
              ,  
   
 , 
          ,  
      
   
      10  1860 ,      
               ,
     ,   ,       

   ,          
13
2
   ,      1885       
  -,             
               
               
   -            
  
   
19
 ,       '   ,   
      ()   ()  ,     -
  ()    ( )    ,      
             
       
    ,       , -  ,  
       - ,      
,        , , , 
        ,   -  
      
  ,           ,   
       ,     -  ,
           
    
1.     
               
            ( )    
     ,         
  
     :







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2



        ""  ""       
   ,     -    
  
2.    -
    ,      '      , 
         ,     
                 -
   (),  ()           
             '    
          
3.     
               
            :
   (4 ) -        , 
 ,        
   -          
   ()  
  
,          
  

4.    
                
                
,    :
  , 
   ,  (       )
           ,      
    ,     '      
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2
5.      
              
   ,            , 
              
  
           
   
         ,      -  
          , 
     
            
   ,           ,  
 ,  ,            

  
     19  1936   ,      
        ,        
         
,               , 
   ,         
              , 
   ,         

       ,       
         ,  ,   
         
     , 
   ,      
  ,               
 
,              
,                 
    
16
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-
5.        
:     :   
    '  ,            
   ,          , 
   - 
    -    ,       
 :     
   -
                  
 ,             ,    
                 
-      '   
   
 ( ):       
 ( ):       
 (   ): ()
 (    ): ()
  :     ( 9     )
   
1.   :
o   ,        
o   ,       -  
  
o                
2.  ()   :
o   , ()   ()  () ,     
   
o                

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2
3.   :
o     ,       ,   ' 

o    '        ,    
    
 
4.    :
o   ''   ''  ''  
o             
   
    
   
      ,          ,
 ,                
    -   ,     
 :     
   -
                 
,                 
         ,     ,  
      
 
   
 ( ):      
 ( ):       
 (   ): ()
 (    ): ()
  : (   ,  6    9  )
   
1.   :
o   ,        
o          
o        ,        
 
18
2
2.   ( )  :
o   ,     ()  ,  ()  ,    ()

o          
3.   :
o             
 
       
o  , -,           '
  
4.    :
o "  "   '  
o                
    
          ,         
             ,     
  
      

 
 

 
 

,  ,  
, , 
 ( )
 ()
 ()
 (  )
 ()
 ()
  
 ()       
 ()   
  
  ( 9     )
  ( 6    9  )
 
, , 
, , 








19
2

                 
,      ,  ,       
    ,     ,          
   
6.         
:    :   
 ( )              , 
                , 
        '      ,  
       '   
  , 
    ,     ,  (),
 (),    ,           
  
1. 
-
,  " "    ,         
   ' ,         ""     "
",     12  ()           
 , 
           
  
  12  ()     6  ()    ,   
2         :
 ()
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
 ()
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
4
0
 ():   1, 5, 9  11 ' 4   
 ():, , 
, 
, 
 
   (  )  
 
20
2
:  ( )    ,         "S" 
 
  
   ()   :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12













  ""       
" "           
  
         ,    ()   
   :
  :
"




" (



)
  :
"



"
  '    ,      '    ,   
      
2.  
-
  (     )  ,        
    '          ,    
 ,            ' , , 
      
   
  8  ()     4   2  ()    
 ()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
 ()
0
1
0
0
2
0
 ():  
 '    
 ():, , 
 
       
 
21
2
:  ( 1)       "S"     
   
    ()      :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8


..






  ""     '   
   " "           

 
  
 ,        '    
   :
: "   " ( )
 : "  " ( )
:             

     ,          
,       
     


 
 ()
12
8
 ()
6 (2  )
2 (  4 )
 ()
4 ( 1, 5, 9, 11 ')
2 ( 1, 5 ')
 ()
6  (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12)
4  (2, 4, 6, 8)
   
  (, ,  )
 , , ,

 


22
2

            
    ,          

    ,         '   
 
      :
    ,      -   
  ,     -       
           ,      
    ,     ,     ,   '   

-
7.          
:        
                 
            ,     
               
      ,          
  
   ?
    1459    ( )      
()        ,    '    
   - 
         ,  
                      
               
          
        ,         
        ,  ""    ,
              ,  
23
2
   ,            
           
   
               
        ,       () 
        ,      
    '           
 - ,    -      
     -
                 
                ,  
                 '  
  ( )   

 
 ?
          
       -        
        
      ,         
 
 ,         ,       
         
   ' 
   ,             
   ,           ,    
          ( )      
             
       
                 , 
      (    )  ( )   ,  
                 
       ,     
    
24
2
      
    ,            
          ,      
   
     ' ,     
      
       
,   
       
     
 ,   ,              
 
      ,          
     ,   ,        
               

      
   500   
 ,         
       :
       
  
 ,     ,       
  
 
                
 
    
             
                
 ,              
  

                  
    ,           
              , 
              
 ,         
 -     
25
2
8.      : , , 
: 1. 
  
""       :
""    
""      
 ,     
           
   ,            , 
          
 
         12
     " "
                 
          
   
                
   
           ,     
   
 ,           ,
     
  
            ,       
:
"






"
( ,       )
             
   
         
          '     
        ,       
26
2
   
      ,            
 ,         ,      
  
2. 
  
""  ""   ,       
   
       
 
     ,          
       
  
    
       :
1.        
2. ,            
3.  
       
4.         ,     
 
  
1.  -          
2.  -        
 
3. -          
    
       ,         
  (   ) 
           

      
   
 -    
      
 -     ,      
 -  
,         

27
2
   
            ,      
             
 ,  
      
 
3. 
  
  ""       
 ,     
       
         ,     
 
  
1.    -            
2.    -  ,        

3.      -  ,        
   
  
1.  -    '  (     )
2.  -        (    )
3.  -   (    )     
 
  
       :
"







"
(          )
       ,          

  
      
          
28
2
       
     ' 
  
   
            '        
     

 ,          
  

 -     ,   '   
 -             
 -         
         
 ,     
          ,   
       
:            ( )      
         , 
         